What is the term for the main idea or underlying message of a literary work?

The term that refers to the main idea or underlying message of a literary work is "theme." The theme encapsulates the central topic, subject, or message that the author intends to convey through the narrative. It often reflects broader concepts such as love, conflict, identity, morality, and the human experience, allowing readers to gain a deeper understanding of the work's significance.

For instance, in many stories, the theme might explore the consequences of ambition or the importance of friendship, serving as a time-tested reflection that resonates beyond the characters and plot. Identifying the theme helps readers connect with the text on a philosophical level and engage with its moral implications.

The other terms mentioned—ironic twist, plot, and characterization—serve different functions in literature. Ironic twist refers to unexpected outcomes that contrast with what one expects. Plot outlines the sequence of events in the story, while characterization focuses on the development and portrayal of characters. Each of these elements contributes to the overall narrative but does not represent the central message of the work as the theme does.